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What Color Is a Red Panda Discus as a Baby

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Genus of fishes

Symphysodon
Blue Discus.jpg
Symphysodon aequifasciatus
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Tribe: Heroini
Genus: Symphysodon
Heckel, 1840
Blazon species
Symphysodon discus

Heckel, 1840
Species

See text

Symphysodon , colloquially known as discus, is a genus of cichlids native to the Amazon river bowl in South America. Due to their distinctive shape, behavior, and bright colors and patterns, discus are popular as freshwater aquarium fish, and their aquaculture in several countries in Asia is a major industry.[1] [ii] [3] [4] They are sometimes referred to as pompadour fish.[5] [half dozen] The discus fish has attracted a cult following of collectors and has created a multimillion dollar international manufacture complete with shows, competitions, and reputed online breeders[ commendation needed ].

Species [edit]

Following a review published in 2006,[seven] three species are recognized by FishBase:[8]

  • Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 (blue discus or brown discus)
  • Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 (ruby discus or Heckel discus)
  • Symphysodon tarzoo E. Lyons, 1959 (greenish discus)

Taxonomy [edit]

Discus are fish from the genus Symphysodon, which currently includes the species S. aequifasciatus, S. discus and S. tarzoo, based on a taxonomic review published in 2006.[7] [ix] A review published in 2007 largely came to the same result, but differed in nomenclature, equally the species called Due south. tarzoo in the 2006 study was chosen S. aequifasciatus in the 2007 report, and S. aequifasciatus in 2006 was S. haraldi in 2007.[10] [11] Further arguments accept been fabricated that Southward. tarzoo was not described in accordance with ICZN rules and thus should exist considered invalid and replaced with S. haraldi,[12] currently considered a synonym of S. aequifasciatus by FishBase.

Other species and subspecies have been proposed, but morphometric data (unlike in Pterophyllum, the freshwater angelfish) varies as much betwixt individuals from one location as across the whole range of all discus fish species.[ citation needed ] S. tarzoo was described in 1959 and applies to the red-spotted western population. S. aequifasciatus and South. discus, meanwhile, seem to hybridise often in the wild or accept diverged recently, as they lack mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid lineage sorting but differ in color pattern and have dissimilar chromosomal translocation patterns. S. discus occurs mainly in the Rio Negro. Whether S. haraldi is indeed distinct from S. aequifasciatus remains to exist determined; if valid it is widespread simply information technology might just exist a colour morph.[ citation needed ]

Two captive variants (orange and solid turquoise)

A molecular written report in 2011 found five primary groups, which by and large matched previously recognized phenotypes. They recognized them as evolutionarily significant units and species.[13] Their assigning of scientific names to species differed to some extent from that used past earlier authors: Heckel (S. discus; Rio Negro, upper Uatumã, Nhamundá, Trombetas and Abacaxis), green (S. tarzoo; West Amazon drainages upriver from the Púrus Curvation, blueish (S. sp. 1; central Amazon from Purus arch to the Meeting of Waters), brown (S. aequifasciatus; East Amazon downriver from Coming together of Waters), Xingu group (S. sp. 2; Xingu and Tocantins).[13] The Xingu group currently lacks a scientific name, but it is possible that the right proper name for the blue is Southward. haraldi.[thirteen] This taxonomy with 4 described valid species, South. discus, S. tarzoo, S. haraldi and S. aequifasciatus, has been adopted by the Catalog of Fishes.[xiv] Some hybridisation occurs (or has occurred) between the brown discus and neighbouring forms, but overall they maintain their separate evolutionary trajectories.[13]

In improver to the wild discus, several captive variants achieved by selective breeding be. Based on RAPD sequences, the captive variants popularly known as turquoise, pigeon, ghost, cobalt and solid red are derived from wild dark-green, bluish and brown discus (non Heckel discus).[15]

Clarification [edit]

Red Turquoise Discus

Like cichlids from the genus Pterophyllum (angelfish), all Symphysodon species have a laterally compressed trunk shape. In contrast to Pterophyllum, withal, extended finnage is absent giving Symphysodon a more rounded shape. It is this torso shape from which their common name, "discus", is derived.[16] The sides of the fish are frequently patterned in shades of greenish, red, brown, and blue. Some of the more brightly marked variants are the result of selective breeding by aquarists and do not be in the wild.[xv] [17] Discus typically reach up to 12.3–fifteen.ii cm (4.8–6.0 in) in length,[viii] [xviii] merely captives accept been claimed to attain 23 cm (9 in).[19] Adults generally counterbalance 150–250 g (5.three–8.8 oz).[17] No clear sexual dimorphism is seen for this fish, but males may reach a larger size than females.[17] In breeding grade varieties, solid red discus (red melon, reddish embrace) females are mostly redder than males.[ citation needed ]

Behavior [edit]

Discus with two of its young nearby

Symphysodon spp. are highly social, typically occurring in groups that may number many dozens of individuals, which is unique among cichlids of the Americas.[18] When convenance, the pair moves away from the group, peradventure to reduce the risk of cannibalism of the immature.[xviii] As with well-nigh cichlids, brood care is highly developed with both the parents caring for the immature.[20] Additionally, adult discus produce a secretion through their skin, on which the larvae live during their outset iv weeks.[21] During the first ii weeks, the parents stay most their young allowing them to feed easily. In the final two weeks, they swim abroad, resulting in the young being gradually "weaned off" and starting to fend for themselves.[21] Although rare in fish, more than xxx species of cichlids are known to feed their young with skin secretion to diverse extent,[21] including Pseudetroplus and Uaru species.[22] Sexual maturity is reached in a twelvemonth.[18]

Research [23] has shown that, through this unique parental intendance behaviour (discus parents feeding their progeny with peel mucus), discus fish parents transmit primal microorganisms to their fry. This parent-to-offspring transmission of important microorganisms might explain the high survival rate of discus fry raised with their parents, compared to the low survival rate of progeny raised artificially by fish breeders (e.g. on egg yolk, brine shrimp, or other replacement foods).[23]

Symphysodon spp. primarily feed on algae, other plant material, and detritus (periphyton), simply besides eat small invertebrates. Invertebrates can make upwardly 38% of the tum content in wild S. aequifasciatus during the loftier-water season, but this decreases during the low-water season, and yr-circular information technology is generally lower in the other species.[eighteen] Unlike more predatory cichlids, Symphysodon spp. have relatively long intestines typical of a plant eater or omnivore.[18]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

This is a map of distribution of Symphysodon (Discus fishes, in orange, in yellow Amazon River drainage basin).

A map of the range (orangish shading) of Symphysodon

Symphysodon species inhabit the margins of floodplain lakes and rivers in the lowland Amazon basin,[eighteen] where they are part of the highly diverse Neotropical fish animate being. S. discus is restricted to blackwater habitats, but periodically these may feel cursory floods of white h2o.[x] S. tarzoo is establish in both black[10] and white water,[seven] and S. aequifasciatus too occurs in clearwater.[x] Because of their preference for lentic habitats such as floodplains and flooded forests, white water inhabited by discus contains little suspended material (unlike main sections of whitewater rivers).[13]

The three species of Symphysodon have unlike geographic distributions. S. aequifasciatus occurs in the East Amazon downriver from the Purus arch and S. tarzoo in the West Amazon upriver from the Purus arch.[7] In contrast, the distribution of S. discus appears to be limited to the lower reaches of the Rio Negro, upper Uatumã, Nhamundá, Trombetas ,and Abacaxis Rivers.[seven] [13]

The Nanay River in far western Amazonas is outside the native range; discus in this river were introduced from stock originating in the Tefé expanse by an aquarium exporter more than 30 years ago.[x]

A significant number of discus now live in fish farms in Southeast Asia. These discus go to home aquaria around the world.[24]

Home aquarium [edit]

Discus are kept past fishkeepers in the home aquarium, where they are valued for their striking appearance.[25] They are considered difficult to keep, due to strict requirements for water quality and the need to exist kept in groups.[20] Breeders have selected for individuals with more adaptability to tap water conditions.[26]

In home aquariums, discus live for an average of 10 years, just can live upwardly to 15 years, and can abound upwards to 8 inches. Like many fish in the home aquarium, they will eat almost anything that fits within their mouth.[27] Due to their size, they oftentimes require a minimum 55–75 gallon aquarium.[twenty]

Each twelvemonth the Earth Discus Competition takes place in Guangzhou, China.[28] The North American Discus Association focuses on both supporting hobbyists and helping to support wild discus.[29]

See as well [edit]

  • Listing of freshwater aquarium fish species
  • Projection Piaba

References [edit]

  1. ^ Loiselle, Paul V. (1995). The Cichlid Aquarium. Frg: Tetra Press. ISBN1-56465-146-0.
  2. ^ Sands D (1994) A fishkeepers guide to Central American cichlids. Tetra Press. Belgium pg 59-sixty.
  3. ^ Mills D (1993) Aquarium Fish Harper Collins ISBN 0-7322-5012-9
  4. ^ Chong, G.; Ying, T. S.; Foo, J.; Jin, 50. J.; Chong, A. (2005-09-12). "Characterisation of proteins in epidermal mucus of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.) during parental phase". Aquaculture. 249 (one–four): 469–476. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.045.
  5. ^ Discus fish - Page 5 Thomas A. Giovanetti, Matthew G. Vriends - 1991 "It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that aquarium-fish dealers began importing discus into Europe and the U.s.a. nether the common name "pompadour fish." Discus are cichlids, which often surprises many aquarists."
  6. ^ International Wild fauna Encyclopedia Set - Folio 2006 Robert Burton, Maurice Burton, 2002 "Pop aquarium fish because of their bright colors and attractive patterns, pompadour fish are actually quite difficult to keep and require frequent water changes. Pictured are a group of carmine discus, one of the two species of pompadour fish."
  7. ^ a b c d e Ready, J.Southward.; Ferreira, E.J.Thou.; Kullander, S.O. (2006). "Discus fishes: mitochondrial Dna evidence for a phylogeographic barrier in the Amazonian genus Symphysodon (Teleostei: Cichlidae)". Fish Biology. 69: 200–211. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01232.x.
  8. ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Symphysodon in FishBase. April 2013 version.
  9. ^ "New Discus named Symphysodon tarzoo". Matt Clarke. practical fishkeeping. 2006-11-28. Archived from the original on March vii, 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d e Bleher, H.; Stölting, K.N.; Salzburger, Due west.; Meyer, A. (2007). "Revision of the genus Symphysodon Heckel, 1840 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) based on molecular and morphological characters". Aqua. 12: 133–174.
  11. ^ "Discus genus revised". Matt Clarke. Practical Fishkeeping. 2007-08-08. Archived from the original on half dozen November 2011. Retrieved fifteen August 2009.
  12. ^ Geerts, 1000. (2011): On the name Symphysodon Discus Tarzoo. The Cichlid Room Companion
  13. ^ a b c d e f Amado, M.V.; Farias, I.P.; Hrbek, T. (2011). "A Molecular Perspective on Systematics, Taxonomy and Classification Amazonian Discus Fishes of the Genus Symphysodon". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011: 360654. doi:10.4061/2011/360654. PMC3147135. PMID 21811676.
  14. ^ Eschmeyer, Due west.N.; Fricke, R.; van der Laan, R. (3 January 2017). "Symphysodon". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  15. ^ a b Koh, T.Fifty.; Khoo, Yard.; Fan, L.Q.; Phang, V.P.E. (1999). "Genetic diversity amongst wild forms and cultivated varieties of Discus (Symphysodon spp.) as revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic Deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) fingerprinting". Aquaculture. 173 (1): 485–497. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00478-5.
  16. ^ Roberts, Jason (2022-03-09). "Discus Fish: The Complete Care, Species, & Breeding Guide". Build Your Aquarium . Retrieved 2022-03-11 .
  17. ^ a b c Livengood, Eastward.J.; Ohs, C.L.; Chapman, F.A. (2009). "Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Discus Symphysodon spp., a Profitable but Challenging Species for Florida Aquaculture". U.South. Section of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  18. ^ a b c d due east f yard Crampton (2008). "Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)". Neotrop. Ichthyol. vi (4): 599–612. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252008000400008.
  19. ^ "Discus". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  20. ^ a b c freshwatercentral (2019-eleven-26). "The Complete Discus Fish Care Guide". Freshwater Key . Retrieved 2019-xi-26 .
  21. ^ a b c Buckley, J.; Maunder, R. J.; Foey, A.; Pearce, J.; Val, A. L.; Sloman, Grand. A. (2010). "Biparental mucus feeding: a unique example of parental care in an Amazonian cichlid". J. Exp. Biol. 213 (22): 3787–3795. doi:10.1242/jeb.042929. PMID 21037057.
  22. ^ Leibel, Due west. (2010). "Cichlids of the Americas - Mouthbrooders". FishChanel. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  23. ^ a b Sylvain, François-Étienne; Derome, Nicolas (2017). "Vertically and horizontally transmitted microbial symbionts shape the gut microbiota ontogenesis of a peel-fungus feeding discus fish progeny". Scientific Reports. 7 (one): 5263. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5263S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05662-w. PMC5507859. PMID 28701764.
  24. ^ https://freshwatercentral.com/build-your-dream-discus-aquarium-an-skillful-guide
  25. ^ "Aquaworld Aquarium - Commodity - Discus - King Of The Aquarium". world wide web.aquaworldaquarium.com . Retrieved 2019-eleven-26 .
  26. ^ "Discus: The whole truth and nothing simply..." Practical Fishkeeping. 2016-06-thirteen. Retrieved 2020-04-29 .
  27. ^ A-Z-Animals.com. "Discus". a-z-animals.com . Retrieved 2019-eleven-26 .
  28. ^ "AQUARAMA 2019 | Aquaria, Terraria, Garden & Pond | Earth Discus Competition". www.aquarama.com.cn . Retrieved 2019-11-26 .
  29. ^ "North American Discus Association". www.discusnada.org . Retrieved 2019-eleven-26 .

External links [edit]

  • Discus Guild Malaysia
  • Fanatik-Discus-International informations, pictures, videos about discus fish

rochajame1992.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_%28fish%29

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